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"그들이 우리를 대표하지 않나요?": 자크 랑시에르와 에르네스토 라클라우의 토론 (2015년 5월)

by 상겔스 2023. 5. 23.
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https://www.versobooks.com/en-gb/blogs/news/2008-don-t-they-represent-us-a-discussion-between-jacques-ranciere-and-ernesto-laclau

"Don't they represent us?": A discussion between Jacques Rancière and Ernesto Laclau

Kieran O'Connor26 May 2015

 

Is representation necessary, or antithetical, to the democratic will? In light of the significant gains made by the indignados in the Spanish municipal and regional elections on Sunday, we publish a discussion about democracy and representation between Jacques Rancière, the inspiration for much analysis of the 15-M movement, and Ernesto Laclau, an important theoretical reference point for Podemos
대표제는 민주적 의지에 필수적일까, 아니면 안티테제일까? 지난 일요일 스페인 지방선거에서 '분노한 자들'이 상당한 성과를 거둔 가운데, 15-M 운동에 대한 많은 분석에 영감을 준 자크 랑시에르와 포데모스의 중요한 이론적 참조점이 된 에르네스토 라클라우가 민주주의와 대표제에 대해 토론한 내용을 게시한다.


Amador Fernández-Savater introduces a discussion between the philosophers Jacques Rancière and Ernesto Laclau. Translated by David Broder, from El Diario

On 16 October 2012, at the University of San Martín in the Argentinian capital, the French philosopher Jacques Rancière gave a lecture entitled "Democracy Today", as part of a week long conference in Buenos Aires and Rosario organised by UNSAM (Universidad Nacional de San Martín) and the publisher Tinta Limón.
2012년 10월 16일, 아르헨티나의 수도 산 마르틴 대학교에서 프랑스 철학자 자크 랑시에르가 부에노스아이레스와 로사리오에서 일주일간 열리는 컨퍼런스의 일환으로 "오늘날의 민주주의"라는 제목의 강연을 진행했다.

In this lecture, Rancière expanded on his by now well-known elaborations on the question: "Democracy is not a system of government, but the always conflictual and disruptive manifestation of the principle of equality". As an example, he describes how the working classes of the nineteenth century decided to act not as if they were mere labour power, but people equal to others in their intelligence and abilities, in their capacity for reading, thinking, writing and self-organising their labour. In this view democracy is "the ungovernable" on display, that is to say, an egalitarian activity that disrupts the hierarchical distribution of spaces, social roles and social functions, opening up the sphere of what is possible and expanding the definitions of communal life. 
이 강연에서 랑시에르는 다음의 질문에 대해 이미 잘 알려진 그의 설명을 확장했습니다: "민주주의는 정부의 체계가 아니라 평등 원칙의 항상 갈등적이고 파열적인 표명이다." 그는 19세기 노동 계급이 단순한 노동력이 아니라 지능과 능력, 읽고, 생각하고, 쓰고, 노동을 스스로 조직하는 능력에서 다른 사람들과 평등한 사람으로 행동하기로 결정한 방식을 예로 들어 서술한다. 이러한 관점에서 민주주의는 전시된 '통치할 수 없는 것the ungovernable', 즉 공간, 사회적 역할 및 사회적 기능의 위계적 분배를 파열시키고 가능한 것의 영역을 열고 공동생활의 정의를 확장하는 평등주의적 활동이다.

"There is no such thing as a democratic state": such was Rancière’s striking comment to an audience with a keen interest in the political context behind the progressive governments of the region (Venezuela, Argentina, Ecuador, Uruguay, etc.). Meaning, there is no possible institutional translation of this disruptive and expansive political undercurrent. It can have many consequences in terms of freedoms or rights; yet "democracy cannot be identified a form of the state; rather, it denotes a dynamic which is autonomous of place, time, and the state agenda."
"민주주의 국가 같은 것은 존재하지 않는다." 베네수엘라, 아르헨티나, 에콰도르, 우루과이 등 남미 지역의 진보적 정부 뒤에 있는 정치적 맥락에 관심이 많은 청중에게 랑시에르가 던진 인상적인 말이다. 즉, 이 파열적이고 광범위한 정치적 저류에 대한 제도적 번역은 불가능하다는 뜻이다. 이것은 자유나 권리에 입각하면 많은 결과를 가질 수 있다. 하지만 "민주주의는 국가의 한 형태로 규정될 수 없으며, 오히려 장소, 시간, 국가 의제에 자율적인 역동성을 함의한다."

After the lecture, as scheduled, Ernesto Laclau took the floor. A populist theorist of hegemony, and a key intellectual reference point for the group that founded and now leads Podemos, Laclau has a great deal of knowledge of Rancière's work, and has written numerous papers explaining both his affinities and disagreements with his thinking. Here we reproduce the short discussion between the two thinkers, as a stimulus for further thought about the tensions between political and state dynamics (or indeed, between 15M and Podemos).
강연이 끝나고 예정대로 에르네스토 라클라우가 연단에 섰다. 포퓰리즘적 헤게모니 이론가이자, 현재 포데모스를 창설하고 주도하고 있는 그룹의 핵심적인 지적 참조점이기도 한 라클라우는 랑시에르의 연구에 대해 많은 지식을 가지고 있으며, 그의 사고와 친연성 및 불일치를 모두 설명하는 수많은 글을 썼다. 여기에서는 정치적 동학과 국가 동학(혹은 15M과 포데모스) 사이의 긴장 관계에 대해 더 깊이 생각하는 자극제로서, 두 사상가 간의 짧은 토론을 재연한다.


에르네스토 라클라우 Ernesto Laclau

First of all, I'd like to apologise for missing the first half of Jacques Rancière's presentation—there was a lot of traffic and, well, all those kinds of problems. So, unfortunately, I won't be able to respond to Jacques' contribution in the same way as if I'd had the chance to listen to the whole of his talk.  
먼저, 교통 체증과 여러 가지 문제로 인해 자크 랑시에르의 발표의 전반부를 놓친 것에 대해 사과드립니다. 그래서 안타깝게도 전체 강연을 다 들을 수 있었던 것과 똑같은 방식으로는 랑시에르의 기여에 대해 답변할 수는 없을 것 같습니다.

Nevertheless, there are a few key topics that the two of us have discussed on other occasions, and if we were to sum these up with one theme, I'd say that it is the relationship between democracy and representation. I think that's where the shades of disagreement between Jacques' analysis and my own efforts can be found. 그럼에도 불구하고 우리 둘이 다른 기회에 논의했던 몇 가지 핵심 주제가 있는데, 이를 하나의 주제로 요약한다면 민주주의와 대표성의 관계라고 말하고 싶습니다. 바로 이 지점에서 자크의 분석과 제 생각의 차이점을 발견할 수 있을 것 같습니다.

What do I think is the problem of representation? The issue is this: if there is a conflict between democracy and representation, it is because it is thought that democracy represents a popular identity that essentially excludes the mechanisms of representation. Rousseau himself thought that the only true form of democracy was direct democracy. He had in mind the Geneva of his time, which he thought of in fairly Utopian terms. But the situation of the major states made the moment of representation seem inevitable. 대표성의 문제는 무엇이라고 생각하나요? 민주주의와 대의제 사이에 갈등이 있다면, 그것은 민주주의가 대의 메커니즘을 본질적으로 배제하는 대중적 정체성을 나타낸다고 생각하기 때문입니다. 루소 자신은 민주주의의 유일한 진정한 형태는 직접 민주주의라고 생각했습니다. 그는 당시의 제네바를 염두에 두고 있었으며, 이는 상당히 유토피아적인 관점에서 생각했습니다. 그러나 주요 국가들의 상황은 대의제 도입을 피할 수 없게 만들었습니다.

So, this raises the following question: Is the principle of representation oligarchic by necessity? By which I mean, something that is a lesser evil added on to a democratic principle that would otherwise represent a homogenous popular will? I think that this would only be the case if popular will could be formed entirely outside of the mechanisms of representation. And that is where I would draw a line. I don't believe that it is possible to form a democratic will, nor a popular will, except via the mechanisms of representation. 따라서 다음과 같은 질문이 제기됩니다: 대표성의 원칙은 필연적으로 과두적일 수밖에 없는가? 즉, 균질한 대중의 의사를 대변할 수 있는 민주주의 원칙에 덜 악한 요소가 추가된 것일까요? 저는 대중의 의지가 대의 메커니즘 외부에서 완전히 형성될 수 있을 때만 가능하다고 생각합니다. 저는 바로 여기에 선을 긋고 싶습니다. 저는 대의 메커니즘을 통하지 않고는 민주적 의지나 대중적 의지를 형성하는 것이 가능하다고 생각하지 않습니다.

Why is this? Because the process of representation is a dual one. As Jacques very rightly pointed out, the principle of representation implies the possibility of an oligarchic power. But it can also stand for something else. If, at the level of the social foundations of a system, there are marginalised sectors with a barely formed will of their own, representative mechanisms can to an extent act as the vehicle for the formation of that will. The other day, during the conversation that we had with Jean-Luc Mélenchon (the leader of the Front de Gauche) here in Buenos Aires, we said that the problem with the anarchic democratic forms that we see today (for example the indignados in Spain) is that if that will doesn't translate into the restructuring of the political system then it becomes dispersed. 왜 그럴까요? 대표의 과정은 이중적이기 때문입니다. 자크가 올바르게 지적했듯이, 대표의 원칙은 과두 권력의 가능성을 내포하고 있습니다. 그러나 그것은 또한 다른 것을 의미할 수도 있습니다. 한 체제의 사회적 토대 수준에서 자신의 의지가 거의 형성되지 않은 소외된 부문이 존재한다면, 대의 메커니즘은 그 의지의 형성을 위한 수단으로서 어느 정도 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 얼마 전 부에노스아이레스에서 장뤼크 멜랑숑(장뤼크 멜랑숑 전선 지도자)과 대화를 나누면서 오늘날 우리가 보는 무정부주의적 민주주의 형태(예: 스페인의 인디오들)의 문제점은 그 의지가 정치 시스템의 재구축으로 이어지지 않으면 분산된다는 점이라고 말했는데요.

In other words, I don't see that there is a democratic principle opposed to the principle of representation, but instead a political construction process which cuts across the moment of the basic formation of the popular will and the moment of representation. If we think of the way that the question of universality and totality has been raised in political theory, it is clear that Hegel saw the state as the only point at which the universal nature of the political community is constituted. This is because civil society is the domain of the logic of private interest, of what he called the "system of needs". There would therefore be an absolutely clear separation between the moment of (statist) totality and (private) dispersion. Marx disagreed and argued instead that the state is a sphere of particularity because it is the instrument of the ruling class, and only if a class were to emerge which is in and of itself universal—i.e. emerging at the level of civil society—would it be possible to overcome this fragmentation and particularity. For Marx this would mean the end of politics and the gradual extinction of state-forms. 즉, 대의의 원리에 반대되는 민주주의 원리가 있다고 보는 것이 아니라, 대중의 의지가 기본적으로 형성되는 순간과 대의의 순간을 가로지르는 정치적 구성 과정이 있다고 보는 것이다. 정치 이론에서 보편성과 총체성의 문제가 제기되어 온 방식을 생각해 보면, 헤겔은 국가를 정치 공동체의 보편적 성격이 구성되는 유일한 지점으로 보았다는 것을 알 수 있습니다. 시민 사회는 그가 '욕구 체계'라고 불렀던 사적 이익 논리의 영역이기 때문입니다. 따라서 (국가적) 총체성의 순간과 (사적) 분산의 순간 사이에는 절대적으로 명확한 분리가 존재할 것입니다. 마르크스는 이에 동의하지 않고 국가는 지배 계급의 도구이기 때문에 특수성의 영역이며, 그 자체로 보편적인 계급이 출현해야만, 즉 시민 사회 수준에서 출현해야만 이러한 파편화와 특수성을 극복할 수 있다고 주장했습니다. 마르크스에게 이것은 정치의 종말과 국가 형태의 점진적 소멸을 의미했습니다.

If we look to Gramsci, we can see an intermediate point, which for me is the beginning of an adequate political framework for addressing this question. Gramsci agreed with Marx that civil society is also a point for the construction of the universal, but that Hegel was right in saying that this universal moment was a political moment. And for this reason Gramsci talked about the "integral state". 그람시를 살펴보면 이 문제를 해결하기 위한 적절한 정치적 프레임워크의 시작이라고 할 수 있는 중간 지점을 발견할 수 있습니다. 그람시는 시민 사회도 보편을 구성하는 지점이라는 마르크스의 주장에 동의했지만, 이 보편적 순간이 정치적 순간이라는 헤겔의 말이 옳았다는 데 동의했습니다. 이러한 이유로 그람시는 '통합적 국가'에 대해 이야기했습니다.

The problem I have with democracy in this sense, accepting in part Jacques' argument whilst allowing for some points of contention, is that there need to be forms of political mediation that cut across the distinction between the state and civil society. Anything that contributes to the radicalisation of the distinction between these two terms leads either towards a vacuous parliamentary social democracy, if one emphasises the purely statist moment, or else towards the ultra-libertarianism of a mythical popular will constituted entirely outside of the state. 이러한 의미에서 민주주의에 대해 제가 가진 문제점은 자크의 주장을 부분적으로 받아들이면서도 논쟁의 여지가 있다는 점인데, 국가와 시민 사회의 구분을 가로지르는 정치적 중재의 형태가 필요하다는 것입니다. 이 두 용어 사이의 구분을 급진화하는 데 기여하는 모든 것은 순전히 국가주의적 순간을 강조하는 경우 공허한 의회 사회 민주주의로 이어지거나, 그렇지 않으면 국가 외부에서 완전히 구성된 신화적 대중의 의지의 초자유주의로 이어집니다.

I believe that in a way the Latin American democracies, which are currently works in progress, are an attempt to transcend these tensions and are perhaps the best way to exemplify what is fundamental to Gramsci's insights regarding the war of position, hegemony, and the integral state. Well, Jacques, I will leave you with these minor provocations, so you can respond to the point in question and then make way for the general will of the public (laughter). 저는 현재 진행 중인 라틴 아메리카 민주주의가 이러한 긴장을 초월하려는 시도이며, 아마도 지위 전쟁, 헤게모니, 통합 국가에 관한 그람시의 통찰의 근본적인 내용을 가장 잘 보여줄 수 있는 방법이라고 생각합니다. 자크, 자네가 문제의 요점에 대해 답변하고 대중의 일반적 의사를 반영할 수 있도록 이 사소한 도발을 남겨두겠네(웃음).


Jacques Rancière

First of all, I'd like to clarify one point for the discussion. For me it is not at all a question of setting out the principle of direct democracy as a homogenous popular will. In fact I'm not coming from the standpoint of this search for a homogenous popular will, nor exactly from the conflict between representation and direct democracy. Essentially, in my work I have raised the question of what is a political power and why a power, in order to be political, must to some extent integrate the democratic principle of equality. 우선 토론을 위해 한 가지 명확히 하고 싶은 점이 있습니다. 저는 직접 민주주의의 원칙을 동질적인 대중의 의사로 규정하는 것이 전혀 문제가 되지 않습니다. 사실 저는 동질적인 대중의 의사를 찾으려는 관점이나 대의제와 직접민주주의 사이의 갈등에서 나온 것이 아닙니다. 본질적으로 저는 정치권력이란 무엇이며, 정치권력이 되기 위해서는 민주주의 원칙인 평등을 어느 정도 통합해야 하는 이유에 대한 질문을 제기해왔습니다.

Power has always existed and there are many forms of power which are not political: the power of the boss, of the teacher, the owner, the master... They are private powers, relations of authority with social functions. What interests me is how to establish, in general terms, the idea itself of politics. And what really interests me is the way in which the democratic principle functions in itself as a challenge to the principle of the state. Because the principle of the state, in spite of everything, always functioned as a principle of confiscation and privatisation of collective power. 권력은 항상 존재해 왔으며 상사의 권력, 선생님의 권력, 주인의 권력, 주인의 권력 등 정치적이지 않은 다양한 형태의 권력이 존재합니다. 그것들은 사적인 권력, 사회적 기능과 권위의 관계입니다. 제가 관심 있는 것은 일반적으로 정치라는 개념 자체를 어떻게 정립할 것인가 하는 것입니다. 그리고 제가 정말로 관심을 갖는 것은 민주주의 원칙이 그 자체로 국가 원칙에 대한 도전으로 기능하는 방식입니다. 국가 원리는 모든 것에도 불구하고 항상 집단 권력의 몰수 및 사유화 원칙으로 기능했기 때문입니다.

To consider the theme of representation we have to start from the fact that today, not denying the very different and impressive situation in Argentina, at least in European countries the representative principle of the state is completely integrated into the oligarchic mechanisms that it reproduces. It certainly does not function as a means for building a popular will. Perhaps that's how it used to be in the European states of the past, but not any more. Representation is all but obsolete. That would be my first point. 대표성의 주제를 고려하려면 오늘날 아르헨티나의 매우 다르고 인상적인 상황을 부정하지 않고 적어도 유럽 국가에서는 국가의 대표 원칙이 그것이 재생산하는 과두제 메커니즘에 완전히 통합되어 있다는 사실에서 시작해야합니다. 그것은 확실히 대중의 의지를 구축하는 수단으로 기능하지 않습니다. 과거 유럽 국가에서는 그랬을지 모르지만 이제는 더 이상 그렇지 않습니다. 대표성은 더 이상 쓸모가 없습니다. 이것이 제 첫 번째 요점입니다.

Secondly, it is important to note that whilst we may be in agreement on the dual, or two-faced nature of the representative system, one has to look at which side the scales will fall. I obviously prefer a system to be representative, with short, non-renewable and non-cumulative terms of office, etc., than otherwise. And if we're talking about Latin American democracies, I can't conceive of a democratic regime if every six years we have to elect the same president (that is, in Venezuela). I believe that a democratic president is one who does their work and then leaves. And who hands over power to someone other than themselves because otherwise what we are dealing with is a privatisation of power. 둘째, 대의제의 이중성 또는 양면성에 대해서는 동의할 수 있지만, 그 저울이 어느 쪽으로 기울어질 것인지를 살펴봐야 한다는 점에 유의해야 합니다. 저는 분명히 짧은 임기, 연임 불가, 중임 불가 등의 대표성 있는 제도가 그렇지 않은 제도보다 선호합니다. 그리고 라틴 아메리카 민주주의에 대해 이야기하는 것이라면, 베네수엘라처럼 6년마다 같은 대통령을 선출해야 한다면 저는 민주적 정권이라고 생각할 수 없습니다. 저는 민주적인 대통령이란 자신의 일을 하고 떠나는 대통령이라고 생각합니다. 그리고 자신이 아닌 다른 사람에게 권력을 넘겨주는 사람입니다. 그렇지 않으면 권력의 사유화가 일어나기 때문입니다.

Lastly, I wonder if we need to keep thinking in terms of the state versus civil society. In terms of this Hegelian logic where, on one side there is civil society (the private), and on the other the universal state, etc. Things don't work like that now. You said it yourself to some extent: in spite of everything, the state is increasingly a principle of privatisation, and the state absorbs representation. It isn't about trying to oppose representation with the people directly presenting themselves in the streets. As it stands, the only means of opposing this permanent privatisation by the state are effectively the forms of autonomous protest by the people, an autonomous presence by the people. The only way to avoid there just being the state and the representative model which it absorbs, is for there to be another power with autonomous forms of existence. I'm not talking about a mass of people united by a homogenous will, but instead a strong movement of action which embodies a power which is the power of everybody and anybody. That is the very principle of existence and democracy and politics. And for me that is what is most essential today. 마지막으로 국가와 시민 사회의 관점에서 계속 생각할 필요가 있지 않을까 싶습니다. 한쪽에는 시민 사회(사적인 것)가 있고 다른 한쪽에는 보편적 국가가 있다는 헤겔식 논리로 말입니다. 지금은 그런 식으로 작동하지 않습니다. 모든 것에도 불구하고 국가는 점점 더 민영화의 원칙이 되고 있으며, 국가는 대표성을 흡수하고 있습니다. 사람들이 직접 거리로 나와서 대의제에 반대하는 것은 아닙니다. 현재로서는 국가의 영구적인 사유화에 반대할 수 있는 유일한 수단은 사실상 국민의 자율적 시위, 즉 국민의 자율적 존재입니다. 국가와 국가가 흡수하는 대의제 모델만 존재하는 것을 피할 수 있는 유일한 방법은 자율적인 존재 형태를 가진 또 다른 권력이 존재하는 것입니다. 저는 동질적인 의지로 뭉친 대중을 말하는 것이 아니라, 모든 사람과 모든 사람의 힘인 권력을 구현하는 강력한 행동의 움직임을 말합니다. 이것이 바로 민주주의와 정치의 존재 원리입니다. 그리고 그것이 오늘날 가장 중요한 것입니다.

Following directly on, there are a couple of questions that question the distinction and opposition between democratic logic and state logic, giving current examples from Argentina (in 2012, that is). On one hand, the "Ley de Medios" (the Media Law) via which audiovisual monopolies (for example, the Clarín group’s monopoly) are regulated. On the other, conservative or reactionary elements protesting against the Kirchner government taking to the streets. These examples are cited to show situations in which the state struggles against oligarchy whilst the people in the occupied streets defend it—examples that supposedly throw into question or complicate the analysis proposed by Rancière. 바로 이어서, 민주주의 논리와 국가 논리 사이의 구별과 대립에 의문을 제기하는 몇 가지 질문이 있으며, 아르헨티나의 현재 사례(즉, 2012년)를 제시합니다. 한편으로는 시청각 독점(예: 클라린 그룹의 독점)을 규제하는 "미디어법"(미디어법)이 있습니다. 다른 한편으로는 키르치네르 정부에 반대하는 보수 또는 반동 세력이 거리로 나섰습니다. 이러한 예는 국가가 과두제에 맞서 투쟁하는 반면 점령된 거리의 민중이 이를 방어하는 상황을 보여주기 위해 인용된 것으로, 랑시에르가 제안한 분석에 의문을 제기하거나 복잡하게 만드는 예라고 할 수 있습니다.


Jacques Rancière

It is perfectly obvious that anybody can occupy the street and we have seen groups trying to use that position to impose private interests. I'm not saying that when people occupy the street that they are "the people", nor that everything that is spoken from the street is a good thing. There is the particular situation in several Latin American countries where states have attempted to impose constraints on certain economic influences and I am not against that. 누구나 거리를 점거할 수 있으며, 우리는 그 지위를 이용해 사적인 이익을 강요하는 집단을 보아왔습니다. 사람들이 거리를 점거한다고 해서 그들이 '국민'이거나 거리에서 말하는 모든 것이 좋은 것이라고 말하는 것은 아닙니다. 몇몇 라틴 아메리카 국가에서는 국가가 특정 경제적 영향력에 제약을 가하려고 시도하는 특수한 상황이 있으며, 저는 이에 반대하지 않습니다.

But what seems fundamental to me is to discern whether the state limits itself to taking the minimal steps required of it or if it is really providing, in a wider sense, the means for another form of expression, for another expression. This would be the only way for us to escape the fight setting powerful interests and the state against each other as the only political actors. All the same, it's certainly true that, there, Latin America has a certain particularity as compared to Europe, where there is an almost total integration of political power (the state, parliamentary representatiion) and financial power. 그러나 제가 보기에 근본적인 것은 국가가 필요한 최소한의 조치를 취하는 데 그치고 있는지, 아니면 더 넓은 의미에서 다른 형태의 표현, 다른 표현을 위한 수단을 실제로 제공하고 있는지를 분별하는 것입니다. 그래야만 강력한 이해관계와 국가를 유일한 정치적 행위자로 설정하는 싸움에서 벗어날 수 있습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 라틴 아메리카는 정치 권력(국가, 의회 대표)과 금융 권력이 거의 완전히 통합되어 있는 유럽과 비교할 때 특정 특수성이 있는 것은 분명한 사실입니다.

What does it mean to say "the power of anybody"? It means to take action in accordance with a capacity that belongs to everybody, to anybody. If you take to the streets to defend the rights of the company Clarín, you aren't taking to the streets in the name of the democratic principle, but rather in the name of other principles: that there are those who are in the know and those who aren't, etc. It doesn't mean that whoever takes to the streets will be in the right. Speaking of the power of anybody is to take the side of the universal. The power of anybody means that there is a capacity that cannot be monopolized by any one group, be it the oligarchy or the "working class", who claims it as their own. There is no single group which represents the universal capacity, that of politics. There are principles we can use to think through this "anybody". We can ask ourselves, what is the principle of action that is playing out, in the here and now? So we have to set in motion a series of forms of investigation and assessment to put this differentiation to the test, to discern whether this "anybody" is a universal form or one of private interests. "모두의 힘"이란 무슨 뜻일까요? 그것은 모든 사람, 모든 사람에게 속한 능력에 따라 행동을 취하는 것을 의미합니다. 클라린이라는 회사의 권리를 지키기 위해 거리로 나서는 것은 민주주의 원칙의 이름으로 거리로 나서는 것이 아니라, 아는 사람과 모르는 사람이 있다는 다른 원칙의 이름으로 거리로 나서는 것입니다. 그렇다고 해서 거리로 나서는 사람이 모두 옳다는 의미는 아닙니다. 누구나의 힘을 말한다는 것은 보편의 편에 서는 것입니다. 누구나의 권력이란 과두제든 '노동자 계급'이든 어느 한 집단이 독점할 수 없는 능력이 있다는 것을 의미하며, 이를 자신의 것이라고 주장합니다. 정치라는 보편적 역량을 대표하는 단일 집단은 존재하지 않습니다. 이 '모든 사람'을 생각할 때 사용할 수 있는 원칙이 있습니다. 우리는 지금 여기에서 벌어지고 있는 행동의 원칙이 무엇인지 스스로에게 물어볼 수 있습니다. 따라서 우리는 이 '누구나'가 보편적인 형태인지 아니면 사적인 이해관계에 따른 것인지 분별하기 위해 일련의 조사와 평가를 통해 이 차별성을 시험해 보아야 합니다.

Another question from the floor asks whether it is possible to really live in a true democracy or if we are always going to be living under oligarchies that dominate us, interspersed with brief intervals of popular protest. 플로어에서 나온 또 다른 질문은 진정한 민주주의에서 살 수 있는지, 아니면 우리를 지배하는 과두제 아래서 계속 살아야 하는지에 대한 질문이 잠깐씩 대중의 항의가 섞여 나왔습니다.


Jacques Rancière

What the future holds for us, I don't have the faintest idea. The point for me is to see that the present opens or closes doors to different futures, to think of the present as that which opens and closes these doors. There are those that think, like Tiqqun or the Invisible Committee, that only a type of catastrophe could pave the way for liberation. Then there is Toni Negri, for his part, who thinks that it is the very process of work under capitalist conditions that creates the conditions for future communism. There are groups who argue that objective conditions have to mature, that we have to create vanguards, and that in five thousand years the true revolution will come, etc. 우리에게 어떤 미래가 펼쳐질지는 저도 잘 모르겠습니다. 중요한 것은 현재가 다른 미래로 향하는 문을 열거나 닫는다는 점이며, 현재를 이러한 문을 열고 닫는 것으로 생각해야 한다는 것입니다. 티쿤이나 보이지 않는 위원회처럼 일종의 파국만이 해방을 위한 길을 열 수 있다고 생각하는 사람들이 있습니다. 그런가 하면 토니 네그리는 자본주의 조건 하에서 노동하는 과정 자체가 미래 공산주의의 조건을 만든다고 생각하기도 합니다. 객관적인 조건이 성숙해야 하고, 선봉대를 만들어야 하며, 5천 년 안에 진정한 혁명이 올 것이라고 주장하는 그룹도 있습니다.

To all of this I say No. I insist upon this alternative popular presence in response to the confiscation of the power of everyone by the state, or by powers associated with financial powers. The primary condition for another future is that we expand in the here and now the spheres of initiative based on a shared way of thinking, ways of shared decision-making, pockets of autonomy that can empower anybody. Where are the conditions for other futures that will not be a reproduction of the present? Here, in the present. Where will this lead? I do not know. What I do know is that an alternative to the present can be reached through the creation of other autonomous pockets of power and expression, of other ways of using the capacities of the anonymous. That is to say, by maintaining and renewing the forms of existence of a power that is not oligarchic. 이 모든 것에 대해 저는 국가나 금융 권력과 관련된 권력에 의해 모든 사람의 권력이 몰수되는 것에 대응하여 이러한 대안적인 대중의 존재를 주장합니다. 다른 미래를 위한 일차적 조건은 공유된 사고방식, 공유된 의사결정 방식, 누구에게나 권한을 부여할 수 있는 자율성을 바탕으로 지금 여기에서 주도권의 영역을 확장하는 것입니다. 현재의 재현이 아닌 다른 미래를 위한 조건은 어디에 있을까요? 바로 지금, 현재입니다. 이것이 어디로 이어질까요? 저도 모르겠습니다. 제가 아는 것은 현재에 대한 대안은 다른 자율적인 힘과 표현의 주머니, 익명의 역량을 사용하는 다른 방법을 만들어냄으로써 도달할 수 있다는 것입니다. 즉, 과두적이지 않은 권력의 존재 형태를 유지하고 갱신함으로써 말입니다.


Ernesto Laclau

I am going to make another contribution to the general confusion, by saying the following: Derrida and Deleuze both focused part of their analysis on the relationship of representation. Ostensibly they claim the opposite, but I think that this is what they are doing. Deleuze says that "representation presupposes presentation, but since this original presentation never appears, the representation too lacks meaning" Derrida says: "since no original presentation exists, all that exist are games of representation". This Derridean "presentation" introduces more possibilities for political analysis. It becomes clear that in a sense, where representation is concerned there is nothing "outside of the text". There is no radical "outside" of the field of representative politics. The construction of oppositions will have to be made from within the field of logic of representation. 저는 일반적인 혼란에 대해 다음과 같이 말함으로써 또 다른 기여를 하고자 합니다: 데리다와 들뢰즈는 모두 분석의 일부를 표상의 관계에 집중했습니다. 표면적으로는 그 반대를 주장하지만, 저는 이것이 그들이하고있는 일이라고 생각합니다. 들뢰즈는 "표상은 제시를 전제로 하지만, 이 원래의 제시가 나타나지 않기 때문에 표상 역시 의미가 결여된다"고 말했고, 데리다는 "원래의 제시가 존재하지 않기 때문에 존재하는 것은 표상의 게임뿐이다"라고 말합니다. 이러한 데리다의 '제시'는 정치 분석에 더 많은 가능성을 열어줍니다. 어떤 의미에서 표현에 관한 한 "텍스트 외부"에는 아무것도 없다는 것이 분명해집니다. 대의 정치 분야에는 급진적인 "외부"가 존재하지 않습니다. 대의의 구성은 대의 논리의 영역 내에서 이루어져야 할 것입니다.

This logic of representation can lead to oligarchic forms. Or alternatively, through the strategies that can be developed within the field of representation, a more radical democracy can be initiated. I don't share the opinion that democracy exists outside of politics and that politics is something opposed to the state. Excepting, of course, the state in its current forms. But there is something in statist logic that escapes the already crystallised states that we are up against. It is the "part for those who have no part" which Jacques talks about, that is to say, the people who are at war with the system and that need to be brought to participate and have a voice through different means. All the same, I believe that this necessarily passes through a political construction process and through representative mechanisms. 이러한 대의 논리는 과두적 형태로 이어질 수 있습니다. 또는 대의의 영역 내에서 개발할 수 있는 전략을 통해 보다 급진적인 민주주의가 시작될 수도 있습니다. 저는 민주주의가 정치 외부에 존재하며 정치는 국가에 반대되는 것이라는 의견에 동의하지 않습니다. 물론 현재 형태의 국가는 예외입니다. 그러나 통계 논리에는 우리가 반대하는 이미 결정화된 국가를 벗어나는 무언가가 있습니다. 그것은 바로 자크가 말하는 '역할이 없는 사람들을 위한 역할', 즉 시스템과 전쟁을 벌이고 있는 사람들이 다른 수단을 통해 참여하고 목소리를 낼 수 있도록 해야 한다는 것입니다. 마찬가지로 저는 이것이 반드시 정치적 구성 과정과 대의 메커니즘을 거쳐야 한다고 생각합니다.


Jacques Rancière

I don't believe that there are original presentations, nor an original "people", nor an original popular will—be it voluntary or homogenous. Of course there aren't. But there will always be people who take to the streets and say "we are the people" and this for me is democracy. Not in terms of all the people being united there in a literal sense, but rather that a "figure of the people" presents itself there. A "figure of the people" is the enactment of the capacity that does not belong to any particular group, to any particular vanguard, nor to any particular political science, but rather to the capacity of everybody, of anybody. 저는 독창적인 프레젠테이션이나 독창적인 '국민', 자발적이든 동질적이든 독창적인 대중의 의지는 존재하지 않는다고 믿습니다. 물론 존재하지 않죠. 하지만 거리로 나와 "우리가 국민이다"라고 말하는 사람들은 항상 존재할 것이며, 이것이 바로 민주주의입니다. 문자 그대로의 의미에서 모든 사람이 하나가 되는 것이 아니라 '인민의 모습'이 그곳에 나타난다는 의미입니다. '국민의 모습'은 특정 집단, 특정 선봉대, 특정 정치학에 속하지 않고 모든 사람, 모든 사람의 능력에 속하는 역량이 제정되는 것입니다.

There is no such thing as political science, there is only governmental science. And it is commonly thought that governmental science (or the science of the polls) is political science. But really there are no political sciences, only presentations, presentations of politics, cases. Perhaps we call these representations, but we need to be careful of possible ambiguities here, because what they call representation—that is, the electoral game—is only one amongst various forms of presentation. There have to be others: the autonomous forms of presentation of an alternative power, above all when the parliamentary type of representation has become almost obsolete. And that must be made crystal clear. 정치학이라는 것은 존재하지 않으며 정부 과학만 존재합니다. 그리고 일반적으로 정부 과학(또는 여론조사의 과학)이 정치 과학이라고 생각합니다. 그러나 실제로 정치 과학은 없으며 프레젠테이션, 정치 프레젠테이션, 사례 만 있습니다. 우리는 이를 표현이라고 부르지만, 표현이라고 부르는 것, 즉 선거 게임은 다양한 형태의 표현 중 하나에 불과하기 때문에 여기서 모호한 표현에 주의해야 합니다. 다른 형태, 즉 의회식 대표 방식이 거의 쓸모없어진 상황에서 대안적 권력을 제시하는 자율적 형태도 존재해야 합니다. 그리고 그것은 분명하게 밝혀져야 합니다.

- Many thanks to Mariela Singer, Verónica Gago and Jordi Carmona, without whose contributions this article would not have been possible. 

Visit El Diario to read the full text in French. 

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